Table 3 Random-effect maximum likelihood regressions, comparing Asia, Europe, and Western Europe

Human development

9.251 {0.966}

(0.736)***

0.916 {0.079}

(1.018)

2.220 {0.293}

(3.127)

Power distance

−0.014 {−0.136}

(0.006)***

−0.009 {−0.251}

(0.012)

−0.064 {−2.231}

(0.019)***

Individualism

−0.008 {−0.063}

(0.006)

0.026 {0.540}

(0.012)**

0.018 {0.776}

(0.009)**

Masculinity

0.010 {0.107}

(0.005)**

0.0004 {0.013}

(0.007)

0.005 {0.199}

(0.005)

Uncertainty avoidance

−0.006 {−0.096}

(0.003)*

0.001 {0.025}

(0.008)

0.041 {2.358}

(0.013)***

Time-specific effect 2003–2007

−0.454 {−0.139}

(0.076)***

0.137 {0.075}

(0.067)**

−0.063 {−0.065}

(0.244)

Time-specific effect 2008–2012

−0.932 {−0.285}

(0.117)***

0.163 {0.089}

(0.106)

−0.136 {−0.140}

(0.350)

Time-specific effect 2013–2017

−0.994 {−0.304}

(0.133)***

0.206 {0.112}

(0.121)*

−0.120 {0.124}

(0.390)

Intercept

3.855

(0.662)***

8.058

(1.348)***

7.686

(2.234)***

Observations

52

52

32

Countries

13

13

8

AIC/BIC

−4.778/16.685

−19.085/2.379

−10.391/4.266